Lambda Expressions

Java Lambda Expressions

Lambda Expressions were added in Java 8.

A lambda expression is a short block of code which takes in parameters and returns a value. Lambda expressions are similar to methods, but they do not need a name and they can be implemented right in the body of a method.

Syntax

The simplest lambda expression contains a single parameter and an expression:

Syntax

The simplest lambda expression contains a single parameter and an expression:

parameter -> expression

To use more than one parameter, wrap them in parentheses:

(parameter1, parameter2) -> expression

Expressions are limited. They have to immediately return a value, and they cannot contain variables, assignments or statements such as if or for. In order to do more complex operations, a code block can be used with curly braces. If the lambda expression needs to return a value, then the code block should have a return statement.

(parameter1, parameter2) -> { code block }

Using Lambda Expressions

Lambda expressions are usually passed as parameters to a function:

Example

Use a lambda expression in the ArrayList's forEach() method to print every item in the list:

        import java.util.ArrayList;

public class Main {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    ArrayList numbers = new ArrayList();
    numbers.add(5);
    numbers.add(9);
    numbers.add(8);
    numbers.add(1);
    numbers.forEach( (n) -> { System.out.println(n); } );
  }
}
      

Lambda expressions can be stored in variables if the variable's type is an interface which has only one method. The lambda expression should have the same number of parameters and the same return type as that method. Java has many of these kinds of interfaces built in, such as the Consumer interface (found in the java.util package) used by lists

Example

Use Java's Consumer interface to store a lambda expression in a variable:

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.function.Consumer;

public class Main {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    ArrayList numbers = new ArrayList();
    numbers.add(5);
    numbers.add(9);
    numbers.add(8);
    numbers.add(1);
    Consumer method = (n) -> { System.out.println(n); };
    numbers.forEach( method );
  }
}
      

To use a lambda expression in a method, the method should have a parameter with a single-method interface as its type. Calling the interface's method will run the lambda expression:

Example

Create a method which takes a lambda expression as a parameter

        interface StringFunction {
            String run(String str);
          }
          
          public class Main {
            public static void main(String[] args) {
              StringFunction exclaim = (s) -> s + "!";
              StringFunction ask = (s) -> s + "?";
              printFormatted("Hello", exclaim);
              printFormatted("Hello", ask);
            }
            public static void printFormatted(String str, StringFunction format) {
              String result = format.run(str);
              System.out.println(result);
            }
          }